refractory celiac disease (rcd) is when malabsorption symptoms and villous atrophy persist despite strict adherence to a gluten free diet (gfd) for more than 12 months and other causes of villous atrophy have been ruled out.  rcd is considered a rare disease and almost exclusively occurs in adults. persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss are the most common symptoms in rcd. also, anemi...

the diagnosis of functional constipation (fc) is usually straightforward. almost 95% of childhood constipation is functional in nature. the remaining 5% can be attributed to wide variety of conditions. many of these etiologies are obvious by history and examination and many have other specific symptoms besides constipation. it is especially important to look for presence of any symptoms or sign...

childhood constipation is ofton a long_term problem requiring treatment over months or years. there is no single treatment metod for constipation and many children do not respond and continue to have chronic problems. treatment is consisted of: disimpaction,drug adminstration , diet modilation, and behaverial therapy. it is necessary in all cases that not responding to conventional therapy, un ...

schwannoma is a benign encapsulated slow-growing tumor that originates from schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. it usually occurs in the head and neck; however, it is rare in the oral cavity. the tongue is the most common site of intraoral schwannomas, followed by the floor of the mouth, palate, gingiva, vestibular mucosa, lips and mental nerve area. we report a rare case of schwannom...

objective: the main purpose of this study was to develop a simple reproducible system to compare abrasive effects of three different toothpastes. materials and methods: a specific mold was used to fabricate 37 samples made of po-lymethylmethacrylate. the samples were stroke by toothbrushes connected to a v8 cross brushing machine in a solution of fluoridated toothpastes and distilled water. the...

second to the cardiovascular disease, cancer is the main cause of death in iran. in this study some of the risk factors of breast cancer; especially the ones related to breastfeeding have been assessed. the study was a retrospective study of 100 women with breast cancer. the most important risk factors in breast cancer were number of children, age of mother on the first pregnancy. the result sh...

background:despite the efforts, the level of dental caries remains prevalent in developed countries it has increased in developing countries due to dietary changes. the aim of this study was to assess the effect of an educational intervention on the oral health of students in chabahar city. methods: this quasi-experimental study carried out on 200 students selected with systematic cluster sampl...

lipoma, a benign tumor of adipose tissue is one of the most common benign neoplasms of the body. however, its occurrence in oral cavity is very rare. it accounts for 1 to 4% of benign neoplasms of mouth affecting predominantly the buccal mucosa, floor of mouth and tongue. we report three cases of intraoral lipoma, two in buccal mucosa and one in labial mucosa. an excisional biopsy was performed...

The author presents an evaluation of the cost of wildlife rabies in France. This study included the vaccination of domestic animals, the reinforcement of epidemiological surveillance networks and the support provided to diagnostic laboratories, the expenses associated with outbreaks of rabies (animal losses and associated economic losses), the clinical observation of those animals which had bit...

Oral and oropharyngeal cancer together constitute the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with over 400,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Early detection is paramount, as the 5-year survival rate for these cancers decreases markedly once tumors have become regionally invasive. In many tissues, including oral epithelia, neoplastic progression is accompanied by alterations in expression of the e...