Swallowing is defined as the semiautomatic motor action of the muscles of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract that propels the food from the oral cavity into the stomach (Miller, 1986). This act involves four stages: oral preparatory, oral transport, pharyngeal and esophageal stages; and these four stages must work in an integrated manner for a safe swallow. Swallowing is also a complex phen...

objective: the present study was designed to investigate the putative antidepressant effects of crocin and crocetin, two major active ingredients of crocus sativus l. (saffron) using mice in two different regimens of acute and sub-acute administration. material and methods: in acute treatment, antidepressant-like activities of crocin and crocetin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated using...

Although decreased accuracy and increased variability of movement is a common developmental finding, the nature of these performance patterns remains poorly understood. The present study examined the accuracy and stability of several aspects of oral motor control. Specifically, we examined the control of absolute timing (temporal parameterization), absolute amplitude (amplitude parameterization...

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