This paper presents a sampling-based RBDO method using surrogate models. The Dynamic Kriging (D-Kriging) method is used for surrogate models, and a stochastic sensitivity analysis is introduced to compute the sensitivities of probabilistic constraints with respect to independent or correlated random variables. For the sampling-based RBDO, which requires Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to evaluate ...

high efficiency and uniformity of water and fertilizer application are usually, considered as the ultimate goals of an appropriate design and management of irrigation and fertigation systems. the objective followed in this paper was to present a simulation-optimization model for alternate vs. conventional furrow fertigation. two simulation models (surface fertigation and swms-2d models) along w...

in this study, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and congo red dye was investigated inaqueous solution using c,n,s-tridoped sno2 nanoparticles as a nano photocatalyst. the degradationwas carried out under different conditions including the photocatalyst amount, initial concentrationand ph of the solution. the results indicated that the degradation of methyl orange and congo redwas...

The, submaximal, thermodynamic efficiency of aerobic microbial growth depends on whether no consumption / production of 02, or no carbon product other than biomass, is admitted into the assimilation equation. When the growth substrate has a low degree of reduction, the former efficiency approaches 22 % whilst the latter approaches 54 %. Expectations for maximal growth rate at optimum efficiency...

This research was conducted in 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons in the experimental field of Shahid Salemi, Ahvaz, south west of Iran. In each year, the study consisted of a split split-plot experiment, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Four irrigation levels including irrigationoff at the 8 leaf, the 12 leaf and the tasseling stages and optimum irrigation wer...

This study is investigated the optimum parameters for a tuned mass damper (TMD) under the seismic excitation. Shuffled complex evolution (SCE) is a meta-heuristic optimization method which is used to find the optimum damping and tuning frequency ratio for a TMD. The efficiency of the TMD is evaluated by decreasing the structural displacement dynamic magnification factor (DDMF) and acceleration ...

the efficiency of existing municipal wastewater treatment plants has been affected by the increase of incoming organic load caused by the expansions in developing countries. in the present investigation, the effect of chemically enhanced primary treatment (cept) process was studied on the enhancement efficiency of a municipal wastewater treatment plant in tehran, iran. jar test results showed a...

the paper attempts to study the efficiency of crop production and resource use effi-ciency on temple tenants and owner farms in tirunelveli district of tamil nadu. a sam-ple of 90 temple tenants and 50 owner farmers from two taluks of tirunelveli district, nawely, shencottah and tenkasi were selected for the study. the reference period of the study was 2002-2003. the efficiency analysis with th...