The brain's grid and place cells, which contribute to spatial representations of the external environment, are thought to be modulated by the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I(h)). Giocomo et al. and Hussaini et al. now provide new insights into these cells' unique activity patterns by studying transgenic mice lacking I(h).

Many animals, on air, water, or land, navigate in three-dimensional (3D) environments, yet it remains unclear how brain circuits encode the animal's 3D position. We recorded single neurons in freely flying bats, using a wireless neural-telemetry system, and studied how hippocampal place cells encode 3D volumetric space during flight. Individual place cells were active in confined 3D volumes, an...

Stable operation of railway transport is decisive importance in the development country's economy. Railway stations Russian Railways network perform a significant amount work on processing and handling train traffic. Large technical most cases are located at junction railways (railway polygons), where locomotive crews locomotives changes take place as well various types traction (electrified li...

This paper explores a vision of the design process in which components can optimize and verify themselves to improve efficiency, re-use, and confidence in correctness – the three design challenges identified by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. We illustrate what would take place for selfoptimization and self-verification before and after deployment of the design, and pre...

Accurate spatial localization requires a mechanism that corrects for errors, which might arise from inaccurate sensory information or neuronal noise. In this paper, we propose that Hippocampal place cells might implement such an error correction mechanism by integrating different sources of information in an approximately Bayes-optimal fashion. We compare the predictions of our model with physi...

Hippocampal place cells fire at different rates when a rodent runs through a given location on its way to different destinations. However, it is unclear whether such firing represents the animal's intended destination or the execution of a specific trajectory. To distinguish between these possibilities, Lister Hooded rats (n = 8) were trained to navigate from a start box to three goal locations...