نتایج جستجو برای: optimal toll level
تعداد نتایج: 1431375 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
We study optimal tolls for network congestion games where players aim to route certain amount of traffic between various source destination pairs. We consider weighted atomic users, unsplittable traffic and arbitrary nondecreasing latency functions. Users are selfish and want to follow routes that minimize their respective latencies. We focus on pure Nash equilibria. A Nash equilibrium profile ...
In Drosophila, recognition of pathogens such as Gram-positive bacteria and fungi triggers the activation of proteolytic cascades and the subsequent activation of the Toll pathway. This response can be achieved by either detection of pathogen associated molecular patterns or by sensing microbial proteolytic activities ("danger signals"). Previous data suggested that certain serine protease homol...
Efforts to control injury, like those to control disease, are based on epidemiologic evidence that most occurrences are both predictable and preventable. Effective injury control programs depend heavily on evidence generated as a result of a strong research agenda. This policy statement outlines the magnitude of the injury toll and the prevention efforts that have expanded during the past decad...
Consider an urban economy with two types of externalities, negative traffic congestion externalities and positive agglomeration externalities deriving from non-market interaction. Suppose that urban travel can be tolled, that non-market interaction cannot be subsidized, and that non-market interaction is stimulated by a reduction in travel costs. Then the optimal toll is below the congestion ex...
The nuclear import of dorsal, a Drosophila Rel homolog, is directed by a spatially restricted extracellular ligand in blastoderm embryos. We have demonstrated both that dorsal is an embryonic phosphoprotein and that its phosphorylation state is regulated by an intracellular signaling pathway initiated by the transmembrane receptor Toll. Immunoblot analysis of cytoplasm from precisely staged emb...
NK cells at different stages of maturation may help in tailoring optimal NK-cell responses in pathologic conditions, HSC transplantation, or vaccination. Along this line, it will be important to further identify cellular or soluble stimuli (eg, cytokines, Toll-like receptor ligands) capable of inducing rapid NK-cell differentiation and acquisition of the desired effector or regulatory function....
The aging lung is faced with unique challenges. The lungs are the only internal organ with a direct interface with both the internal and the external environments and as a consequence are constantly sampling diverse, potentially injurious, elements. Therefore, the lungs have evolved a sophisticated, multilayered detection system to distinguish low-level, nonharmful signals from those that are t...
conclusions our findings showed that hcv infection could lead to increased expression level of tlr7 mrna in peripheral blood cells of hcv infected samples. the viral load and genotypes of hcv did not affect the mrna expression levels of tlr2 and tlr7. background hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an important human pathogen affecting an estimated 120 – 170 million individuals in the world. toll-like re...
background: pattern recognition receptors (prrs) are the main sensors of pathogen and danger signals in innate immunity of which toll like receptors (tlrs) are the most studied ones. the contribution of prrs in cerebral inflammation induced by microbial infection, tissue damage and cancer has not extensively been addressed so far. glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system an...
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