Anthropogenic landscapes are associated with biodiversity loss and large shifts in species composition and traits. These changes predict the identities of winners and losers of future global change, and also reveal which environmental variables drive a taxon's response to land use change. We explored how the biodiversity of native bee species changes across forested, agricultural, and urban lan...

Background: “Igune,” a traditional agricultural landscape in the Tohoku region of Japan, is characterized by small-scale artificial woodlots surrounding a farmer’s house that are interspersed with paddy fields. During the rapid economic growth of Japan over recent decades, some igune woodlots have been abandoned or logged. Biodiversity conservation is an important issue worldwide, and tradition...

3 After a while your adversaries and competitors will give up trying to think of alternative hypotheses, or else will grow old and die, and then your hypothesis will become accepted. Sounds crazy, we know, but that's how science works!-Numerical Recipes in C Abstract The bulk of research on the dynamics of populations of genotypes evolving on fitness landscapes has concentrated on the rôle of c...

Conformational control limits most electron transfer (ET) reactions in biology, but we lack general insight into the extent of conformational space explored, and specifically the properties of the associated energy landscape. Here we unite electron-electron double resonance (ELDOR) studies of the diradical (disemiquinoid) form of human cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), a nicotinamide adenine pho...

Experimental studies on enzyme evolution show that only a small fraction of all possible mutation trajectories are accessible to evolution. However, these experiments deal with individual enzymes and explore a tiny part of the fitness landscape. We report an exhaustive analysis of fitness landscapes constructed with an off-lattice model of protein folding where fitness is equated with robustnes...