Each year, droughts cause significant economic and agricultural losses across the world. The early warning and onset detection of drought is of particular importance for effective agriculture and water resource management. Previous studies show that the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), a measure of precipitation deficit, detects drought onset earlier than other indicators. Here we show that ...

[1] We present case studies of the evolution of Ultra-Low Frequency (ULF) magnetic wave amplitudes and auroral intensity through the late growth phase and the expansion phase of the substorm cycle. We present strong evidence that substorm-related auroral enhancements are clearly and demonstrably linked to ULF wave amplitudes observed at the same location. In all three case studies presented, th...

[1] The impact of the late twentieth century increase of anthropogenic aerosols on the Indian monsoon onset was investigated with a state-of-the-art climate model with fully interactive aerosols and chemistry. We find that aerosols are likely responsible for the observed earlier onset, resulting in enhanced June precipitation over most of India. This shift is preceded by strong aerosol forcing ...

Recent work has shown that observations of tropical precipitation conform to properties associated with critical phenomena in other systems. Here some of these universal properties are used to probe the physics of tropical convection empirically, providing potential tests for models and parameterizations. The power law pickup of ensemble average precipitation as a function of column water vapor...

Climatological summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea (SCS) and the western North Pacific (WNP) (defined as the region of 108–208N, 1208–1608E) displays three distinct stages. Around mid-May, monsoon rain commences in the SCS and the Philippines. In early to mid-June, the monsoon rain extends to the southwestern Philippine Sea. After mid-July, the rainy season starts in the northeastern ...

We introduce an objective definition for onset and withdrawal of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), based on the large-scale atmospheric moisture budget. The change point (CHP) index allows precise characterization of the different stages and timescales of the large-scale SASM and is highly correlated with the local operational index, the monsoon onset over Kerala. The CHP-based onset and w...

Abstract Bitumen contains approximately 5 wt% sulfur so it must be removed before being used as fuel. Herein, we performed oxidative desulfurization of bitumen at room temperature using n-pentane and ultrasound to reduce viscosity mix the bitumen-dissolved aqueous reaction solution physically. The states in ratio were investigated confirm process. Additionally, developed a novel method for sepa...