AbstracL Remarkable advances in deyelopmental genetics in the pas"wo decades allow us to approach the eyolution of animal design by elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying diyeTgent body p]ans. The ancestry and eyolution of segmented body plans in the bilaterians has been an active area of inyestigation in this field of study. Although segmentation mechanisms have been extensively studi...

Ninety three bumble bees belonging to the genus Bombus, subgenus Pyrobombus (three Bombus vagans, seven Bombus bimaculatus, 17 B. sandersoni and 68 B. impatiens) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park were examined for microsporidia. Light microscopy of calcoflour and trichrome-stained smears, and PCR revealed infection with N. bombi in one specimen each of B. sandersoni and B. impatiens. Siz...

Certain insect species are known to relocate nest or food sites using landmarks, but the generality of this capability among insects, and whether insect place memory can be used in novel task settings, is not known. We tested the ability of crickets to use surrounding visual cues to relocate an invisible target in an analogue of the Morris water maze, a standard paradigm for spatial memory test...

Female preference for dominant males has been found in many species, and it is generally thought that winners of male-male competition are of superior quality. Success in contests probably depends on male condition and overall health. Thus, females could avoid infection and gain genetic benefits in terms of more viable offspring by mating with dominant males. In the present study, we tested whe...

From the last decade the pond has been suffering from the resource of water due to decline rain fall, variable climate, and geologic conditions. Thus, so many of areas of the India suffer from severe water shortage like Chhatarpur. Ichthyodiversity increases the economic success of the fisheries pond and implies that the area has become more efficient. A fish are not only useful as source of fo...

Insects live in constantly changing environments, where the availability of food sources varies with the seasons. Therefore, the ability to learn to associate a certain cue with an abundant food source must be of great significance for insects (Mizunami et al., 1999). However, most previous studies on olfactory learning in insects have been restricted to the honey bee Apis mellifera and the fru...