Erythrocytes are known to shed vesicles in vivo, under various conditions in vitro, and, with impact for transfusion medicine, during storage of red blood cell concentrates (Vsto vesicles). Vsto vesicles of blood transfusions have been shown to deliver glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins to recipient erythrocytes, to display prothrombotic activity, and to have an inhibitory effect on m...

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a prevalent cause of traveler's diarrhea and infant mortality in third-world countries. Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is secreted from ETEC via vesicles composed of outer membrane and periplasm. We investigated the role of ETEC vesicles in pathogenesis by analyzing vesicle association and entry into eukaryotic cells. Fluorescently labeled vesicles from ...

Cell-secreted vesicles, such as exosomes, have recently been recognized as mediators of cell communication. A recent study in cattle showed the involvement of exosome-like vesicles in the control of cumulus expansion, a prerequisite process for normal ovulation; however, whether this is the case in other mammalian species is not known. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the presence of exos...

Insulin vesicles contain a chemically rich mixture of cargo that includes ions, small molecules, and proteins. At present, it is unclear if all components of this cargo escape from the vesicle at the same rate or to the same extent during exocytosis. Here, we demonstrate through real-time imaging that individual rat and human pancreatic -cells secrete insulin in heterogeneous forms that dispers...

Extracellular vesicles from the urine and circulation have gained significant interest as potential diagnostic biomarkers in renal diseases. Urinary extracellular vesicles contain proteins from all sections of the nephron, whereas most studied circulating extracellular vesicles are derived from platelets, immune cells, and the endothelium. In addition to their diagnostic role as markers of kidn...

Existing data support the hypothesis that insulin triggers the exocytosis of small vesicles containing the GluT4 isoform of the glucose transporter. The data also suggest that these vesicles reform through endocytosis of GluT4. These processes resemble those described for synaptic vesicles after depolarization of nerve cells. To determine whether GluT4 vesicles are related to synaptic vesicles,...

Pleistocene basanitic rocks of Vesteris Seamount in the Greenland Sea had been found to exhibit an endolithic habitat largely consisting marine fungi that dwell within abundant vesicles, therefore representing cryptoendoliths. For first time, we demonstrate 3D X-ray microscopy can unravel how microorganisms access and migrate through vesicular rock. The fossil assemblages occur a set vesicles c...

Abstract Cell membrane vesicles, as delivery carriers of drugs or biological agents in vivo, are an important therapeutic mode the study disease treatment. Tumor membrane-derived vesicles have been widely used tumor therapy because their good enrichment effect. The most common method is surface nanoparticles coated with cell membrane, which can effectively prolong circulation time particles blo...

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells into the extracellular space, first discovered in 1967 as platelet dust. In recent years, idea that EVs can treat various diseases has emerged studies to understand these vesicles' origin and biological functions. According their size, biogenesis, content, release pathways function, have three main subtypes: microvesicle (MV), exosome (EX) apop...

The most superficial layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, is the major barrier for permeation of most drugs. In order to increase the efficiency of drugs delivered via the skin, there is a demand for new transdermal drug delivery systems. Over the last two decades vesicles have been explored as potential carriers for drugs with the aim to facilitate drug transport across the stratum corneum....