BACKGROUND Exposure therapy (EXP) is the most empirically supported treatment for anxiety and trauma-related disorders. EXP consists of repeated exposure to a feared object or situation in the absence of the feared outcome in order to extinguish associated anxiety. Key to the success of EXP is the need to present the feared object/event/situation in as much detail and utilizing as many sensory ...

BACKGROUND: The number of patients presenting with sudden onset and persistant anosmia other olfactory disorders, which is a finding related to coronavirus disease has been increased considerably. In this study, we aimed evaluate the efficacy training in persistent after Covid-19 infection.
 METHODS: Forty-six who applied for loss smell infection still had disorders were included study. Od...

Circadian rhythm describes the physical, psychological, and behavioural patterns of living organisms that respond to day night light levels. The important bodily functions like hunger, sleep, gastrointestinal motility, mood, coordination, body temperature, gene transcription, sensory perceptions, sleep-wake cycles hormone release etc are influenced by circadian rhythm. Abnormal may result obesi...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the consequences of olfactory loss and explore specific questions related to the effect of duration of olfactory loss, degree of olfactory sensitivity, and cause of the olfactory loss. PATIENTS A total of 278 consecutive patients with hyposmia or anosmia were examined. RESULTS Causes of olfactory loss were categorized as follows: trauma (17%), upper respiratory trac...

One of the major challenges in olfaction research is to relate the structural features of the odorants to different features of olfactory system. However, no relationship has been yet discovered between the structure of the olfactory stimulus, and the structure of respiratory signal. This study reveals the plasticity of human respiratory signal in relation to 'complex' olfactory stimulus (odora...

Three patients with olfactory hallucinations related to migraine are described.

The mammalian olfactory system is well established for its remarkable capability of undergoing experience-dependent plasticity. Although this process involves changes at multiple stages throughout the central olfactory pathway, even the early stages of processing, such as the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex, can display a high degree of plasticity. As in other sensory systems, this plasticit...