A reactor was designed and commissioned to study the fast pyrolysis behavior of banagrass as a function of temperature and volatiles residence time. Four temperatures between 400 and 600°C were examined as well as four residence times between ~1.0 and 10 seconds. Pyrolysis product distributions of bio-oil, char and permanent gases were determined at each reaction condition. The elemental compos...

We investigate the pricing formation of natural gas markets on three different continents (Europe, Asia and North America). We find that natural gas markets showed a strong relationship with the crude oil market between 1992 and 2001 and natural gas prices tended to thermal parity with crude oil prices. From 2002 natural gas markets exhibited a less pronounced relationship with the crude oil ma...

Oil refineries are responsible for 4–6% of global CO 2 emissions, and 20–35% these emissions released from the regenerator Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units, which essential units conversion heavier petroleum residues (vacuum gas oil) into more valuable products. Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has been recently proposed to mitigate FCC with a lower energy penalty. However, detailed experi...

in thermal cracking plants, it is desired to apply an optimal temperature profile along the reactor to minimize the operation cost. in this article a simulator is developed by the use of a mathematical model, which describes the static operation of a naphtha thermal cracking pilot plant. the model is used to predict the steady state profiles of the gas temperature and product yields. using a dy...

The effect on the energy balance of a FCC unit after co-feeding aqueous fraction bio-oil together with vacuum gas oil (VGO) has been studied. simulation program considers interdependency relationship between reaction and regeneration sections in unit, where heat coke combustion to sustain requirements preheat vaporize feedstock as well endothermic cracking reactions. deposited an equilibrium co...

the volatile constituents of the aerial parts of vervain (verbena officinalis l.) cultivated locally were investigated. analysis of the volatile fraction by gc and gc-ms is described. compounds were identified by various methods, the major compounds being 3-hexen-1-ol (7.28%), 1-octen-3-ol (32.76%), linalool (4.66%), verbenone (20.49%) and geranial (7.22%).

In oil and gas industry, oil is produced from wells drilled into the oil reservoirs. A thorough understanding and characterization of the subsurface is crucial to sustainable management of a reservoir. The subsurface, however, is largely heterogeneous and oil is not present everywhere. For our study area, the reservoir rock is categorized as three facies: brine sand, oil sand and shale, and it ...

Colorado and Pennsylvania, like parallel universes, provide strikingly different examples of how external forces affect the evolution of oil and gas conservation jurisprudence originating from a common starting point. This jurisprudence includes both “Classical” oil and gas conservation—measures to prevent waste of the oil and gas resource, and “Values” oil and gas conservation—measures that ad...

With the demand for gasoline and diesel expected to decline in near future, crude-to-chemicals technologies have potential become most important processes petrochemical industry. This trend has triggered intense research maximize production of light olefins aromatics at expense fuels, which calls disruptive able transform crude oil chemicals an efficient environmentally friendly way. Here we pr...