Reformulating a scientific theory often leads to significantly different way of understanding the world. Nevertheless, accounts both theoretical equivalence and have neglected this important aspect theorizing. This essay provides positive account how reformulation changes our understanding. My simultaneously addresses serious challenge facing existing These failed characterize in that goes beyo...

Abstract. Hazard magnitude scales are widely adopted to facilitate communication regarding hazard events and the corresponding decision making for emergency management. A scale measures strength of a event considering natural forcing phenomena severity with respect average entities at risk. However, existing cannot be easily adapted comparative analysis across different types. Here, we propose ...

In the case when M is an orientable Riemannian manifold of negative curvature L (M) and L(M) are related to the eigenvalue spectrum of M; that is, the set E (M) of all eigenvalues of the Laplace–Beltrami operator acting on L2(M) counted with multiplicities. For example, in this setting it is known that E (M) determines L(M) (see [3]). In the case of closed hyperbolic surfaces, the stronger stat...

A continuum means a compact connected metric space. For a positive integer n, a continuum X is said to be n-equivalent provided that X contains exactlyn topologically distinct subcontinua. A continuumX is said to be hereditarily n-equivalent provided that each nondegenerate subcontinuum of X is n-equivalent. If there exists a positive integer n such that X is n-equivalent, then X is said to be ...