All neuronal networks are modulated by multiple neuropeptides and biogenic amines. Yet, few studies investigate how different modulators interact to regulate network activity. Here we explored the state-dependent functional interactions between three excitatory neuromodulators acting on neurokinin1 (NK1), alpha1 noradrenergic (alpha1 NE), and 5-HT2 serotonin receptors within the pre-Bötzinger c...

The role of raphe nucleus (R.N) and serotonin in some behaviors such as sleep, cognition, mood, and memory has previously been reported. The median raphe (MR) nucleus is a major serotonin-containing cell group within the brainstem and is one of the main sources of projections to the septum and hippocampus. The hippocampus is widely believed to be essential for context-conditioning learning. Mor...

Midbrain periaqueductal gray mater area (PAG) receives some afferents from anterolateral system, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus that inhibit pain through its descending pathway that synapses medial raphe nuclus (mrph) and finally terminates on spinal cord enkephalinergic interneurons in layers II and III. In the present study, the role of Ca+2–channels located on medial raphe nucleus neurons ...

We have used double-label in situ hybridization techniques to examine the cellular localization of GABAB receptor mRNA in relation to serotonin transporter mRNA and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the rat dorsal raphe, median raphe and raphe magnus nuclei. The degree of cellular co-localization of these markers notably varied among the different nuclei. In the dorsal raphe, cell bodies show...

The present studies sought to investigate the effect of tryptophan alone or coadministration of tryptophan and ethanol on the interaction of central frontal cortex and dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic functional activities by utilizing in vivo microdialysis. Tryptophan (50 mg/kg, i.p.) led to a significant increase in the levels of 5-HIAA, a metabolite of serotonin (5-HT), in the dorsal raphe ...

In rabbits, raphe magnus/pallidus neurons form a link in the CNS pathway regulating changes in cutaneous blood flow elicited by nociceptive stimulation and activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala. To characterize relevant raphe-spinal neurons, we performed extracellular recordings from the rostral medullary raphe nuclei in anesthetized, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated rabbits. All ...

Deepak Bushan Raina, Hanna Isaksson, Werner Hettwer, Ashok Kumar, Magnus Tagil, Lars Lidgren. Lund University, Department of Orthopedics, Lund, Sweden, Lund University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund, Sweden, University of Copenhagen, Department of orthopedic surgery, Copenhagen, Denmark, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Ka...

This paper investigates the relative labor productivity level for total manufacturing in Germany, Sweden and the US for the period 1980–2001. The paper also presents estimates of labor productivity levels for 18 different manufacturing industries for the period 1993–2000. The results show that the Swedish manufacturing productivity caught up with German and US productivity in the 1990s, overtak...