‎Let $R$ be a ring‎ ‎with the Jacobson radical $J(R)$ and let $picolon Rto R/J(R)$ be‎ the canonical map‎. ‎Then $pi$ induces an order preserving group homomorphism‎ ‎$K_0picolon K_0(R)to K_0(R/J(R))$ and an‎ ‎affine continuous map $S(K_0pi)$ between the state space $St(R/J(R))$ and the‎ ‎state space $St(R).$‎ ‎In this paper‎, ‎we consider the natural affine map $S(K_0pi).$ We give a condition ...

The Papuan Armed Criminal Group (KKB) has been a hereditary problem for the Indonesian government. Their demand to secede from Republic of Indonesia was main reason why this group formed. Because Government not responded demands KKB, it led carry out acts terror against society in Papua. One cases that have recently attracted media attention is KKB’s attack killed several workers Beoga, Puncak ...

Many armed groups create informal institutions to maintain social order during conflict. The remnants of these form a key challenge for governments in postconflict societies their attempts reestablish themselves as credible state authorities. persistence paramilitary groups’ “justice” systems the so-called punishment attacks Northern Ireland, more than twenty years on from Good Friday Agreement...

How can states prevent armed groups from exploiting local governance gaps to (re)establish territorial control during transitions national peace? We report results an experimental evaluation of Colombia’s ComunPaz program, a scalable, inexpensive intervention that sought replace rebel by harnessing complementarities between state and communal authorities improving security justice provision in ...

Over the last five years, violent non-state actors have acquired armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and been using them extensively. This paper presents main involved areas in which they used this tool, as well how UAVs are procured. To date, mainly by Middle East Central Asia. They also conflict zones of Ukraine, Myanmar, Mexico, Ecuador. While is worrisome, limited evidence suggests that u...