Nigeria was given a very low rating in humandevelopment by the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP) for the year 2002. This is duepartly to the patriarchal nature of Nigeria, whichemphasizes male education more than that of thefemale. The result is that fewer educated womenthan men are available to contribute to nationaldevelopment activities. The recent introd...

Examining characteristics of traditional nomadic herding cultures and traditional sedentary farming cultures, both of which are deeply established in Central Asian history, this paper provides evidence on the persistence of gender roles in culture, spillovers from one culture to another, and the impacts of efforts promoting gender equality. First, I investigate whether differences in gender rol...

the arid zone encompasses land that has an imbalance between precipitation and losses through evaporation. globally, arid zones comprise large part of many countries in the mid-latitudes in both the northern and the southern hemispheres. both australia and iran are countries with a large arid zone. this negative water balance in the arid zone affects the type of land use in these countries. at ...