User fees for municipal services may generate revenue for municipalities and their utility commissions, but they are equally important as prices for those services. Pricing services at marginal cost can lead to efficient production and consumption of the service, and efficient allocation of the service when capacity limits are reached; and it can help to guide investment on an efficient basis. ...

Electricity markets in both developed and developing countries have been considerably reorganized over the previous two decades. The unbundling of generation transmission results restructured electricity market which enhances competition among traders regime open access. Therefore, pricing methods should be skilled translating costs into tariffs to allow participation, leads profitable effectiv...

Some consumers, particularly households, are unwilling to face volatile electricity prices, and they can perceive as unfair price differentiation in the same local area. For these reasons, nodal prices distribution networks rarely employed. However, increasing availability of renewable resources emerging price-elastic behaviours pave way for effective introduction marginal pricing schemes netwo...