One of the most important effects of exchange rate movementsisitseffecton the exporting price of different products. According to the new trade theories, market structure plays an important role in relating exchange rate depreciations to price declines. In Iran, exchange rate has increased in recent years.Inspired by this assumption, this paper attempts to investigate the impact of exchange rat...

in more recent years, it has become increasingly recognized that r&d; (research and development) is a key driver of economic growth, a source of innovation and change, and as such stimulates improvements in productivity and economic competitiveness. it is closely associated with knowledge and flexibility, two factors that have gained new significance as a source of competitiveness in an increas...

Certain (3+1)-dimensional chiral non-abelian gauge theories have been shown to exhibit a new type of global gauge anomaly, which in the hamiltonian formulation is due to the fermion zeromodes of a Z-string-like configuration of the gauge potential and the corresponding spectral flow. Here, we clarify the relation between this Z-string global gauge anomaly and other anomalies in both 3+1 and 2+1...

Certain (3+1)-dimensional chiral non-Abelian gauge theories have been shown to exhibit a new type of global gauge anomaly, which in the hamiltonian formulation is due to the fermion zeromodes of the Z-string configuration and the corresponding spectral flow. Here, we clarify the relation between this Z-string global gauge anomaly and other anomalies in both 3+1 and 2+1 dimensions. We also point...