The central ne rvous system (CNS) consists of tw o major ce ll type s, neurones and glial ce lls. Neuronal communication w ith other neurone s or glial c ells is effected mainly through ne uro-transmitte rs and peptides, w hile glial ce lls appear to use an abundant range of factors for the communication w ith either ne urone s or other glial c ells. The communication betw een ne urone s can sp...

It has been generally assumed that the cell body (soma) of a neuron, which contains the nucleus, is mainly responsible for synthesis of macromolecules and has a limited role in cell-to-cell communication. Using sniffer patch recordings, we show here that electrical stimulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons elicits robust vesicular ATP release from their somata. The rate of release event...

Background and Aim: Learning and memory defect occurs following chronic diabetes with uncontrolled blood glucose. Ginkgo leaf extract improves brain blood flow. Also it contains antioxidant components and has shown beneficial effects in neurological diseases. In this study we investigated the effects of Ginkgo leaf extract on spatial memory impairment and hippocampal neuronal loss caused by dia...

Abstract Objective . Most neuroprosthetic implants employ pulsatile square-wave electrical stimuli, which are significantly different from physiological inter-neuronal communication. In case of retinal neuroprosthetics, use a certain type reliable object and contrast discrimination by implanted blind patients remained challenging. Here we investigated to what extent simple objects can be discri...

Microglia are a subset of tissue-macrophages that are ubiquitously distributed throughout the entire CNS. In health, they remain largely dormant until activated by a pathological stimulus. The availability of more sensitive detection techniques has allowed the early measurement of the cell responses of microglia in areas with few signs of active pathology. Subtle neuronal injury can induce micr...

how does a journalist or an editor decide which news is worthy and which is not? according to some media researchers, they refer to a set of news values. one of the best known lists of such news values have been supplied by johan galtung and marie h. ruge. an analytical discussion on news values always refers to this list, which initially intended to cover international events. these factors i...

The processing of species-specific communication signals in the auditory system represents an important aspect of animal behavior and is crucial for its social interactions, reproduction, and survival. In this article the neuronal mechanisms underlying the processing of communication signals in the higher centers of the auditory system--inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate body (MGB) and...

Many studies indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress can induce neuronal damages, modulate intracellular signaling and ultimately leads to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. To review antioxidants preventive effects on oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases we accumulated data from internatio...

This review investigates how laminar fMRI can complement insights into brain function derived from the study of rhythmic neuronal synchronization. Neuronal synchronization in various frequency bands plays an important role in neuronal communication between brain areas, and it does so on the backbone of layer-specific interareal anatomical projections. Feedforward projections originate predomina...