In a natural resources management context, cost benefit analysis involves subtracting the monetary costs of a development from the monetary value of all the benefits generated by the same development to obtain a net monetary benefit or cost for the proposed activity. "Benefits" or "costs" for various management or land use options for a particular area can be compared. Usually the method with t...

Simple demographic and infectious disease models of buffaloes and other domestic hosts for animal trypanosomosis (surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi were developed. The animal models contained deterministic and stochastic elements and were linked to simulate the benefit of control regimes for surra in village domestic animal populations in Mindanao, Philippines. The impact of the disease on ho...

BACKGROUND Countries are well advised to prepare for future pandemic risks (e.g., pandemic influenza, novel emerging agents or synthetic bioweapons). These preparations do not typically include planning for complete border closure. Even though border closure may not be instituted in time, and can fail, there might still plausible chances of success for well organized island nations. OBJECTIVE...

BACKGROUND Increasing age predisposes to both thromboembolic and bleeding events in patients with atrial fibrillation; therefore, balancing risks and benefits of antithrombotic strategies in older populations is crucial. We investigated 1-year outcome with different antithrombotic approaches in very elderly atrial fibrillation patients (age ≥85 years) compared with younger patients. METHODS A...

This paper describes a preliminary cost estimate, prepared by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), of President Clinton's 1999 prescription drug benefit proposal. The CBO estimated that the new benefit would increase net Medicare outlays by $136 billion between 2002 and 2009, although these estimates are highly uncertain. Because the proposal included an annual cap on the amount of the benefi...