BACKGROUND The Spetzler-Martin arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading system has proven to be useful in guiding treatment of cerebral AVMs with craniotomy. It is based on anatomical characteristics each of which makes surgical resection of an AVM more difficult, namely, deep venous drainage, eloquence of surrounding tissue, and large nidus size. A higher score correlates with more complicatio...

BACKGROUND Despite significant changes in the clinical and histologic diagnosis of prostate cancer, the Gleason grading system remains one of the most powerful prognostic predictors in prostate cancer. The correct diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer is crucial for a patient's prognosis and therapeutic options. However, this system has undergone significant revisions and continues to have d...

background: within the context of developing techniques to facilitate the diagnosis of the thyroid diseases, the elemental composition of pathological thyroid tissue (neoplastic and non-neoplastic) was investigated by proton induced x-ray emission. the pixe has been widely used as a sensitive technique for trace elemental analysis in both biological and medical fields. materials and methods: th...

This paper analyzes optimal grading in a world that focuses on top grades. Students choose an effort level, their performance is graded, and their grade correlates with their future income. Ex-ante, the policy maker chooses the optimal coarseness of the grading scale to maximize student welfare. When choosing their effort, students overweight outstanding – or salient – grades. I show that this ...

As to the problem of inaccurate in traditional grade method of beef marbling, a automatic grading system based on computer vision had been founded and was used to predict the beef quality grade of Chinese yellow cattle. Image processing was used to automatically evaluate the beef marbling grade. Segmentation methods used in ribeye image of beef carcass was improved watershed algorithm. All grad...

Background: Within the context of developing techniques to facilitate the diagnosis of the thyroid diseases, the elemental composition of pathological thyroid tissue (neoplastic and non-neoplastic) was investigated by proton induced X-ray emission. The PIXE has been widely used as a sensitive technique for trace elemental analysis in both biological and medical fields. Materials and Methods: Th...

Transitional cell carcinoma(T.C.C) of bladder display an upredictable biological behavior.Morphologic methods of grading this tumor are insuficient to predict the clinical outcome of the patients.the aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between histological grading staging and DAN ploidy especially in intermediate grade II(IIa and IIb). in a retrospective study  of tissue spec...