In two early papers, Max Cresswell constructed two formal logics of propositional identity,  and , which he observed to be respectively deductively equivalent to modal logics 4 and 5. Cresswell argued informally that these equivalences respectively “give . . . evidence” for the correctness of 4 and 5 as logics of broadly logical necessity. In this paper, I describe weaker propositiona...

he past few years in health care have been a story of extraordinary turbulence. After decades of uncontrolled cost escalation, the businesses and governments that directly pay for most health care finally mandated a fiscal restraint that, in the early 1990s, launched in earnest the upheaval known as “managed care.” One major result has been the replacement of such values as, “If it might help a...

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Wolfram’s Principle of Computational Equivalence (PCE) implies that universal complexity abounds in nature. This paper comprises three sections. In the first section we consider the question why there are so many universal phenomena around. So, in a sense, we seek a driving force behind the PCE if any. We postulate a principle GNS that we call the Generalized Natural Selection principle that to...

In this paper I argue against the commonly received view that Kripke’s formal Possible World Semantics (PWS) reflects the adoption of a metaphysical interpretation of the modal operators. I consider in detail Kripke’s three main innovations vis-à-vis Carnap’s PWS: a new view of the worlds, variable domains of quantification, and the adoption of a universal notion of validity. I argue that all t...

Failure diagnosis is resource intensive, frustrating, and often impossible. However, it is also critical and necessary for aggressive designs and manufacturing processes. Research in this area is making rapid progress, but the challenges are also rapidly growing in magnitude and importance. 1 The Problem and Necessity Failure diagnosis incorporates all of the interesting problems present in cla...

There are a number of factors that can hinder the path entrepreneurship development and literature highlighted fact taxes one most important barriers for entrepreneurs. This paper aims at identifying relationship between tax rates to establish impact on entrepreneurs considering their motivations (necessity, opportunity or improvement-driven opportunity). The research focuses sample 46 countrie...