To investigate if the study design affects conclusions about the impact of moose browsing damage on young trees we used three designs: (1) a comparison of managed Swedish forest landscapes, (2) a natural experiment approach in Sweden, and (3) a macroecological approach involving six countries in northern Europe from Norway to Russia. Per Angelstam, Simen Pedersen, Michael Manton, and Marine Elb...

introduction  nowadays, landscape recounts the land components, elements and components which each alone and together have a key role in building and shaping the natural environment and consequently the natural landscape and eventually the built environment and landscape. although humans connection with its surrounding is achieved through different senses, but still more than 80% of its connect...

Contents 1. Introduction 2. General site characteristics 3. Investigation methods 3.1. Colonization processes 3.2. Woodland development 3.3. Near-natural restoration methods 3.4. General methods and data analysis 4. Colonization processes 5. Site dependent and chronological woodland differentiation 6. General Sucessional development—an overview 7. Near-natural restoration methods 7.1. Case stud...

Patchy landscapes driven by human decisions and/or natural forces are still a challenge to be understood and modelled. No attempt has been made up to now to describe them by a coherent framework and to formalize landscape changing rules. Overcoming this lacuna was our first objective here, and this was largely based on the notion of Rewriting Systems, also called Formal Grammars. We used compli...

Increased demand for corn grain as an ethanol feedstock is altering U.S. agricultural landscapes and the ecosystem services they provide. From 2006 to 2007, corn acreage increased 19% nationally, resulting in reduced crop diversity in many areas. Biological control of insects is an ecosystem service that is strongly influenced by local landscape structure. Here, we estimate the value of natural...

bam, which is located in the south eastern part of iran, east of kerman province, is a desert city with its special natural and cultural landscapes, which is different in many ways from all other desert cities in iran .there has always been a balance between cultural and natural elements in bam. one of the unique natural elements of bam is its rich underground water reservoirs, which originates...