Natural and man-made sources of ionizing radiation have made and continue to make invaluable contributions to society and to individuals. Radiation is part of nature. Natural sources of radiation including radon gas from the earth’s crust and cosmic radiation from outer space account for 80-90 percent of the radiation to which the public is exposed every year. Man-made sources provide hundreds ...

wheat is a staple food in pakistan. production of wheat is increased with extensive use of phosphate based fertilizers in agricultural fields. activity mass concentration of primordial radionuclides due to use of phosphate fertilizers in soil enhances the external gamma dose and due to the consumption of wheat food grown on these soils also increases the internal dose. different types of soil, ...

Introduction Natural and artificial radionuclides are the main sources of human radiation exposure. These radionuclides, which are present in the environment, can enter the food chain. Rice is one of the most important food components in Iran. Radionuclides by transferring from soil to rice and entering the human body can affect human health. Materials and Methods Fourteen samples of different ...

Natural hazards are extreme natural phenomena whose associated consequences can lead to damage of both the and man-made environment [...]

Lichens are widely used to assess the atmospheric pollution by heavy metals and radionuclides. However, few studies are available in publications on using lichens to qualitatively assess the atmospheric pollution levels. The paper presents research results applying epiphytic lichens as bio-monitors of quantitative atmospheric contamination with uranium. The observations were conducted during 2....

36 I ublic awareness about exposure to natural sources of radiation has been growing in recent years at a rather accelerated pace. Exposure to high levels of radon indoors, for example, has drawn considerable attention, and a number of countries have already adopted regulatory measures to mitigate exposure to radon in existing houses and to establish radon limits for new buildings. Another area...

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Ionising radiation is a known leukaemogen and in utero exposure to diagnostic X-rays associates with increased risk of childhood leukaemia (see abstract by R. Wakeford). This paper examines the methodology used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to estimate doses to the child following in utero radionuclide exposures, considers experimental evidence for in utero h...