Picea crassifolia Komarov (Qinghai spruce) is an endemic tree species in China and is widespread in the Qilian Mountains, in northwestern China. High temporal resolution changes of Qinghai spruce tree stem growth remain poorly investigated and the relationships between the species growth and climate are still not completely understood. In this study, we assessed the daily and seasonal stem radi...

It is important to explore the responses of radial tree growth in different regions understand patterns and enhance forest management protection with climate change. We constructed ring width chronologies Picea crassifolia from Qilian Mountains northwest China. used Pearson correlation moving analyze main factors limiting trees temporal stability growth–climate relationship, while spatial resul...

The disjunct distribution of forests in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent Helan Shan and Daqing Shan highlands provides an excellent model to examine vegetation shifts, glacial refugia and gene flow of key species in this complex landscape region in response to past climatic oscillations and human disturbance. In this study, we examined maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (nad1 ...

The valuation of the economic convenience and the …nancial sustainability of large projects requires the development of large complex models for capital budgeting purposes [Kleijnen and Van Groenendaal (1997).]. However, complex models challenge the management in the identi…cation of the key value drivers of the performance of the new project, particularly if management needs to know which, amo...

Neoclassical nance assumes that investors are Bayesian. In many realistic situations, Bayesian learning is challenging. Here, we consider investment opportunities that change randomly, while payo s are observable only when invested. In a stylized version of the task, we wondered whether performance would be a ected if one were to follow reinforcement learning principles instead. The answer is a...

In this article we provide a review of the literature with respect to the e$cient markets hypothesis and chaos. In doing so, we contrast the martingale behavior of asset prices to nonlinear chaotic dynamics, discuss some recent techniques used in distinguishing between probabilistic and deterministic behavior in asset prices, and report some evidence. Moreover, we look at the controversies that...

In spite of the popularity of model calibration in …nance, empirical researchers have put more emphasis on model estimation than on the equally important goodness-of-…t problem. This is due partly to the ignorance of modelers, and more to the ability of existing statistical tests to detect speci…cation errors. In practice, models are often calibrated by minimizing the sum of squared di¤erence b...

It is well known that a powerful thromboplastin is generated during blood coagulation, and a high titre of thromboplastin can be demonstrated in specimens of fresh serum. Its generation may be observed by means of the thromboplastin generation test (Biggs and Douglas, 1953) when a mixture of antihaemophilic globulin, Christmas factor, platelets, factor V, and factor VII is recalcified. If this ...

We generalize the notion of dominance by de ning a generalized dominance relation with respect to a set of paths in the control ow graph G V E This new de nition leads to a generalized notion of control de pendence which includes standard control dependence and weak control dependence as special cases If the set of paths underlying a generalized domi nance relation satis es some natural closure...