administration of organizations in iran generally is similar with one that uses old management techniques and organizational structures which its roots goes backs to the beginning of 20th century. the functional view and hydraulic structures have caused iranians organizations with low productivity and cooperation. as result, they are involved with unreasonable and fluctuating level of quality, ...

abstract: this article studies saddam's proposal to negociate with the iranians after his allo ut invasim of iran and when a large part of iran's territories had been occupied by the iraq; a proposal which was rejected by the islamic republic leader, imam khomeini.

Objectives: Diagonal ear lobe crease (ELC) has been introduced as a diagnostic physical sign for coronary artery disease (CAD) and the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between ELC and CAD in Iranians. Methodology: In a crosssectional study, 106 consecutive patients, referred from cardiologists for angiography, were studied for presence of ELC and CAD in four academic hospitals ...

OBJECTIVES To explore the barriers to cervical cancer screening, focusing on religious and cultural factors, in order to inform group-specific interventions that may improve uptake of cervical cancer screening programmes. DESIGN We conducted four focus group discussions among Muslim and Christian women in Nigeria. SETTING Discussions were conducted in two hospitals, one in the South West an...

Trust is a critical aspect of social interaction. One might predict that individuals trust religious out-groups less than religious in-groups, and that costly signals performed by members of religious in-groups increase trust while costly signals performed by members of religious out-groups decrease trust. We examined how Christian participants perceived the trustworthiness of Muslim and Christ...

Studying the history of science could help develop an understanding of the contributions made by ancient nations towards scientific advances. Although Iranians had an important impact on the improvement of science, the history of Iranian medicine seems not to have been given enough attention by historians. The present study focused on the history of anesthesia and pain management in Iranian med...

This study examined the effects of aural and written prompts under two planning conditions (i.e. pre-task planning and no planning) on complexity, accuracy, and fluency of test takers' writing production. Forty learners in an English institute, who had already been classified as intermediate according to the Oxford Placement Test, were assigned to two planning conditions (i.e. no planning and p...