Recent scientific findings about long-acting and permanent methods of contraception underscore their safety, effectiveness, and wide eligibility for individuals who desire them. This has led to new guidance from the World Health Organization to inform national policies, guidelines, and standards for service delivery. Although developing countries have made much progress in expanding the availab...

The introduction of formal methods into the commercial community has been slow. This might, in part, be due to lack of guidance for program managers responsible for execution of a program, who must justify added expense or time to delivery. This paper first provides managers with guidance in deciding if a particular project is a good candidate for the use of formal methods. After the go/no go c...

CONTEXT Sub-Saharan Africa is burdened by high rates of unintended pregnancy and HIV. Yet little is known about the relationship between these two health risks in the region. Understanding the associations between HIV status and pregnancy decision making may benefit strategies to reduce unintended pregnancy. METHODS In 2009-2010, household-based surveys of 1,256 women in Nigeria and 1,280 wom...

This paper describes the application of heterogeneous algebraic system for the construction of the formal model of object database instead of object algebra. Complete formalization of the operation of intersection of class specifications is given.

The use of proof plans in formal methods Citation for published version: Bundy, A 1990, 'The use of proof plans in formal methods'. in A Miola (ed.), Design and implementation of General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that ...

The traditional notion of the curriculum as a fixed list of topics to be studied sequentially is under strain as pressure for flexibility in education increases. However, curriculum flexibility can lead to curriculum complexity, hindering learners in the development of their competences. This article presents a formal model for the description of curricula, designed to underpin guidance support...

This article promotes a more complete understanding of social change by analyzing spatial patterns of contraceptive use in Bangladesh and the contiguous state of West Bengal in India. Multilevel analyses that control for variations in individual- and household-level correlates show an important role for cross-border influences only in those districts that share a common language across the bord...

There has been a significant increase in the number of twins and higher multiples so that one child in 33 is now a multiple. It is therefore not unusual for schools to have several sets of twins, as well as triplets and even higher multiples. By being the same age and in the same school year if not class, twins and higher multiples are not like brothers and sisters born closely together. Teache...