IP Multicast is facing a slow take-off although it is a hotly debated topic since more than a decade. Many reasons are responsible for this status. Hence, the Internet is likely to be organized with both unicast and multicast enabled networks. Thus, it is of utmost importance to design protocols that allow the progressive deployment of the multicast service by supporting unicast clouds. This pa...

Mobile ad-hoc networking (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that want to communicate to each others, but has no fixed links like wireless infrastructure networks. Each node acts as a router and is responsible for dynamically discovering other nodes it can directly communicate with. Due to the network topology of an ad hoc network changes frequently and unpredictable, so the security of mul...

Multicast routing, once dominated by a single routing protocol, is becoming increasingly diverse. It is generally agreed that at least three routing protocols, PIM, DVMRP, and CBT will be widely deployed and must interoperate. This signals a shift from the Mbone as one large domain to a collection of administrative domains where each domain selects its own multicast routing protocol. This paper...

A MANET consists of self organizing mobile nodes which exhibit dynamic behavior during their multicast operations. Thus, it is imperative to obtain the best way to provide multicast services in this kind of environment. For this purpose investigation and quantification of existing multicast routing protocols is the foremost step. In this article detailed discussion is done regarding basic behav...

Mobile wireless networks with intermittent connectivity, often called Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs), have recently received a lot of attention because of their applicability in various applications, including multicasting. To overcome intermittent connectivity, DTN routing protocols utilize mobility-assist routing by letting the nodes carry and forward the data. In this paper, we st...

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a selfconfiguring infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless.A protocol manages group membership and controls the path that multicast data takes over the network. Examples of multicast routing protocols include Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). There are lots of multicast routing protocols, some works with wired networks while the ...

OVPN (Optical Virtual Private Network) over IP (Internet Protocol)/GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) over DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technology with QoS assurances is considered as a promising approach for the next generation OVPN. In this paper, we suggest a multicast OLSP (Optical Label Switched Path) establishment mechanism for supporting high bandwidth mu...

The rapid evolution of real-time multimedia applications requires Quality of Service (QoS) based multicast routing in underlying computer networks. The constrained Steiner Tree, as the underpinning mathematical structure, is a well-known NP-complete problem. In this paper we investigate a variable neighborhood descent (VND) search, a variant of variable neighborhood search, for the delay-constr...

Multicast routing allows network sources to use network resources efficiently by sending only a single copy of data to all group members. In the group multicast routing problem (GMRP), every member of a group is also a source node. The routing algorithm must construct a source-based routing tree for each member of the group which spans all other member nodes without exceeding the capacities of ...

The Ethernet: a local area network; data link layer and physical layer specifications , version 1.0. [23] R. Perlman. An algorithm for distributed computation of a spanning tree in an extended LAN. within the subdomain a special " wild-card " group that all superdomain routers may join; the changes to each algorithm to support wild-card groups are straightforward. A variety of algorithms for mu...