Vaccines have benefited global health by controlling or eradicating life threatening diseases. With better understanding of infectious diseases and immunity, more interest has been placed on stimulating mucosal immune responses with vaccines as mucosal surfaces function as a first line of defense against infections. Progress made in nanoparticle research, in particular the successful use of lip...

A critical goal of vaccine development for a wide variety of pathogens is the induction of potent and durable mucosal immunity. However, it has been assumed that this goal would be difficult to achieve by systemic vaccination due to the anatomic and functional distinctness of the systemic and mucosal immune systems and the resultant compartmentalization of immune responses. In this study, we sh...

Neutra, Marian R. Current Concepts in Mucosal Immunity. V. Role of M cells in transepithelial transport of antigens and pathogens to the mucosal immune system. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 37): G785–G791, 1998.—Specialized epithelial M cells, a phenotype that occurs only in the epithelium over organized lymphoid follicles, deliver samples of foreign material by transepithel...

Most of the infectious diseases due to pathogens are caused by mucosal tract penetration. Hence, vaccines delivered directly tissues can defend pathogenic infections and provide protection at first site infection. Thus, mucosal, specifically, oral delivery is becoming most ideal mode vaccination. However, have overcome numerous barriers such as extremely low pH stomach, presence proteolytic enz...

HIV/AIDS is an important public health problem globally. An affordable, easy-to-deliver and protective HIV vaccine is therefore required to curb the pandemic from spreading further. Recombinant Salmonella bacteria can be harnessed to vector HIV antigens or DNA vaccines to the immune system for induction of specific protective immunity. These are capable of activating the innate, humoral and cel...

The search for ideal brucellosis vaccines remains active today. Currently, no licensed human or canine anti-brucellosis vaccines are available. In bovines, the most successful vaccine (S19) is only used in calves, as adult vaccination results in orchitis in male, prolonged infection, and possible abortion complications in pregnant female cattle. Another widely deployed vaccine (RB51) has a low ...