We consider the common-knowledge paradox raised by Halpem and Moses: common knowledge is necessary for agreement and coordination, but common knowledge is unattainable in the real world because of temporal imprecision. We discuss two solutions to this paradox: ( 1) modeling the world with a coarser granularity, and (2) relaxing the requirements for coordination. @ 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All...

The present study sought to explore the impact of story maps and audio podcasts as scaffolds on oral proficiency of Iranian EFL learners. The quasi-experimental study was launched with 36 EFL undergraduates in three groups by adopting a counterbalanced 3  3 Latin squared design. All participants were indiscriminately, but in a specified order, exposed to the three treatment conditions of story ...

minimalist story is a kind of very short story that is summarized sometimes in some lines and sometimes in one page. it tells a short event and in addition includes deep contents.studying verses of holy quran we can see stories in different forms and lengths. meanwhile there are some storiesthat are not more than some lines in lengthso it is possible for the researcher to evaluate these stories...