this study investigated the effects of planning on second-language written production with regard to task type. the participants were 75 iranian learners of english as a foreign language attending a private foreign language institution. they were asked to complete two different types of writing tasks (expository writing task and argumentative writing task) in different planned conditions (indiv...

the quest for power has formed much of the world history especially in 20th and 21st centuries. oil (energy) particularly after industrial revolution has been a tool for conquest and power and has been transformed to a geopolitical issue. from a geopolitical point of view this has been the case for the last two centuries in central asia and caucasus. central asia and caucasus has always been...

within communicative, interactive, and learner-centered framework of language teaching and learning, students need to learn four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing for their educational success. but of all the language skills, reading enjoys a paramount significance in so many second or foreign language academic contexts. in spite of its importance, language learners still have...

Moral liberalism is based on the separation of moral values from reality and emphasizes that the criterion of moral-value is the "person himself". In liberal ethics, one's happiness depends on himself and moral values have a relative meaning. According to Mulla Sadra, the process of creation in the arch of descent is based on manifestation and the effects are the pure connection to the cause an...

implicit and unobserved errors and vulnerabilities issues usually arise in cryptographic protocols and especially in authentication protocols. this may enable an attacker to make serious damages to the desired system, such as having the access to or changing secret documents, interfering in bank transactions, having access to users’ accounts, or may be having the control all over the syste...

The study and investigation of the credibility of reliable tradition due its many instances in the sources of Shiite hadith has a remarkable importance. In a general view the Shiite scholars can be divided into two groups. First, a group that admits the credibility of reliable hadith, which is divided further into those who give absolute credit to reliable tradition and those who acknowledge ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sprint performance of front-crawl swimming and muscle fascicle length in 23 male young swimmers. The sample was divided into two groups by 25-m sprint front-crawl swimming performance: 14.6-15.7 s (S1, n=11) and 15.8-17 s (S2, n=12). Muscle thickness and pennation angle and fascicle length of the Biceps Brachii (only muscle t...

Terrorism has been divided in several directions. One of the most important conceptual divisions of terrorism is its division into three types of traditional, modern and postmodern which, while possessing common characteristics, share their own characteristics. Traditional terrorism is the most elementary type of terrorism that is limited to the borders of a land and region; modern terrorism br...

abstract recent studies suggest that prelistening activities play an important role in the development of listening comprehension (e.g. long 1990;chiang and dunkel 1992; schmidt-rinehart 1994; jensen and hansen 1995; robinson et al., 1995; buck, 1995; foster and skehan,1996; teng 1996; robinson, 2001; chang and read 2006). in line with previous studies and to shed light on a new aspect of sche...