This paper proposes a hybrid method to find cumulative distribution function (CDF) of completion time of GERT-type networks (GTN) which have no loop and have only exclusive-or nodes. Proposed method is cre-ated by combining an analytical transformation with Gaussian quadrature formula. Also the combined crude Monte Carlo simulation and combined conditional Monte Carlo simulation are developed a...

Monte Carlo methods and simulation are often used to estimate the mean, variance, and higher order statistical moments of circuit properties like delay and power. The main issues with Monte Carlo methods are the required long run time and the need for prior detailed knowledge of the distribution of the variations. Additionally, most of available circuit simulation tools can run Monte Carlo anal...

background: iodine brachytherapy sources with low photon energies have been widely used in treating cancerous tumors. dosimetric parameters of brachytherapy sources should be determined according to aapm tg-43u1 recommendations before clinical use. monte carlo codes are reliable tools in calculation of these parameters for brachytherapy sources. materials and methods: dosimetric parameters (dos...

Introduction: Radiation therapy using electron beams is a promising method due to its physical dose distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) code is the best and most accurate technique for forespeaking the distribution of dose in radiation treatment of patients.Materials and Methods: We report an MC simulation of a linac head and depth dose on central axis, along with profile calculations. The purpose o...

Recent research efforts in options pricing have shown that real options approaches are more appropriate for R&D project valuation because they account for the value of managerial flexibility to react to arising contingencies during R&D development. This technique allows for strategic decision-making in the context of hedging opportunities present in the financial markets by tracking the uncerta...

Appraisals typically are conducted using four standard methods approved by the American Society of Appraisers. For large-scale, technically unique projects, such as chemical and power plants, and old industrial practices, these standard methods are insufficient. These types of projects contain political, technical, and economic risks that are not accounted for in standard valuation methods. To ...