The Monarch butterfly eastern population ( Danaus plexippus ) is in decline primarily due to habitat loss. Current restoration programs focus on re-establishing milkweed, the primary food resource for caterpillars, central United States of America. However, individual components life cycle function as part an integrated whole. Here we develop MOBU-SDyM, a migration-wide systems dynamics model m...

1. Abstract Nowadays, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the design of valves is very common. Despite the continuing growth of computing capability, the computational cost of complex three-dimensional CFD analysis of butterfly valve maintains high, therefore, the CFD analysis-based optimization becomes more time-consuming and computational expensive. In this paper, a comparative s...