Traditional color vision theory posits that three types of retinal photopigments transduce light into a trivariate neural color code, thereby explaining color-matching behaviors. This principle of trichromacy is in need of reexamination in view of molecular genetics results suggesting that a substantial percentage of women possess more than three classes of retinal photopigments. At issue is th...

Early social exposure is important for developing appropriate, species-specific adult behaviors. Carson Murray et al. (pp. 18189–18194) followed wild chimpanzees, habituated to human observers, in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and analyzed maternal subgrouping patterns to investigate why adult males tend to be more gregarious than adult females. Mothers accompanied by their sons were more greg...

that members of one guild will not be on speaking terms with those of another. But the integrative aspirations of personality science will require theories that explicitly seek to bridge the isolated islands of research and this will require an ecumenical attitude toward colleagues of diverse faiths. We now have several metatheoreti-cal frameworks for personality science that will remain an imp...

In 2001, scientists characterized the first gene to be implicated in the cause of a speech and language disorder (FOXP2). Although FOXP2 was discovered using a unique family in which a severe speech and language disorder segregates in a monogenic fashion, at the time this discovery was heralded as "a milestone in understanding this uniquely human characteristic." Approximately 1 year later, we ...

One of the characteristics influencing a person's risk for alcoholism is his or her sex, and various factors may contribute to sex differences in risk. Adoption studies have provided some evidence of possible sex differences in the heritability of alcoholism, but overall the findings have been inconclusive. Twin studies have consistently supported the role of genetic risk factors in the heritab...

Women have consistently higher levels of disgust than men. This sex difference is substantial in magnitude, highly replicable, emerges with diverse assessment methods, and affects a wide array of outcomes—including job selection, mate choice, food aversions, and psychological disorders. Despite the importance of this far-reaching sex difference, sound theoretical explanations have lagged behind...

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated aggregation of autistic traits in undiagnosed family members of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which has significant implications for ASD risk in their offspring. This study capitalizes upon a large, quantitatively characterized clinical-epidemiologic family sample to establish the extent to which family transmission pattern and sex m...

as recent advancements in biology shows, the molecular machines specially proteins, rna and complex molecules play the main role of the so called cell functionality. it means a very big part of the system biology is concerned with the interactions of such molecular components. drug industries and research institutes are trying hard to better understand the concepts underlying these interactions...