Meta-analysis is a standard statistical method used to combine the conclusions of individual studies that are related and the results of single study alone can not answered to deal with issues. The data are summarized by one or more outcome measure estimates along with their standard errors. The multivariate model and the variations between studies are not considered in most articles. Here we d...

This paper sheds some light on the problems associated with random effects gravity approaches. Arguments for the superiority of a fixed effects model are given both along intuitive and econometric lines based on a Hausman test.  2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

This paper uses data drawn from the English Football League to model separate hazard rates for club managers for the 2001/2, 2002/3 and 2003/4 seasons. On average over the three seasons, approximately one-third of managers involuntarily exited employment status with their club. We model the hazard using a standard logistic model exploiting information on the spell at risk rather than the indivi...

The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost barrier of mammalian bodies, consists of layers of cornified keratinocytes with intercellular spaces sealed with lipids. The insolubility of the SC has hampered in-depth analysis, and the SC has been considered a homogeneous barrier. Here, we applied time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to demonstrate that the SC consists of three layers with di...

BACKGROUND Increasing antibiotic resistance of Propionibacterium acnes and growing awareness on the side effects of topical and systemic drugs in the treatment of acne vulgaris by physicians and patients have paved the way for a search into new efficacious and safe treatment modalities such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although the efficacy of PDT using 20% 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) cream h...

This study aims to develop a systematic research method consisting of subjective and objective measurement methods determine the effectiveness cosmetic textiles on human skin. For this purpose, first all, expected properties textile product were considered be used for testing these determined, finally, was created. Leggings, product, selected validate 28-day wear trial carried out with female s...

Background: Paper mulberry is one of the most common skin-lightening agents in beauty industry due to its strong anti-tyrosinase activity. This narrative review aims summarize chemical composition, biological activities, and applications paper cosmetics. Method: The literature for this article was acquired from PubMed, Web Science, Google Scholar databases before September 2022. keywords search...

Skincare is one of the most profitable product categories today. Consumers’ demand for skin-friendly products has stimulated development natural-ingredient-based cosmeceutical preparations over synthetic chemicals. Thus, natural polysaccharides have gained much attention since promising potent efficacy in wound healing, moisturizing, antiaging, and whitening. The challenge to raise awareness wi...

Most steroidal ointments contain propylene glycol (PG) and surfactants, which improve the solubility of corticosteroids in white petrolatum. Surfactants aid the uniform dispersal of PG within white petrolatum. Since the surfactants used in generic ointments are usually different from those used in brand name ointments, we investigated the effects of surfactants on the rheological properties of ...