background: hypospadias is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in the male which is characterized by altered development of urethra, foreskin and ventral surface of the penis. androgen receptor gene plays a critical role in the development of the male genital system by mediating the androgens effects. objective: in present study, we looked for new variations in androgen receptor pro...

background and objectives: significant progress has been made in treatment of hemophilia. ex-vivo gene therapy is going popular due to the capability of this method in using isogenic cells for genetic manipulation and reintroducing them into same host after proliferation. most gene therapy techniques use viral vectors, which usually harbor a strong and non-specific promoter (e.g. cmv early prom...

background: the availability of testis specific genes will be of help in choosing the most promising biomarkers for the detection of testicular sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (noa). testis specific chromodomain protein y 1 (cdy1) is a histone acetyltransferase which concentrates in the round spermatid nucleus, where histone hyperacetylation occurs and causes the re...

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) is an obligate intracellular bacteria, requires living cells to replicate itself. CT infection can remain up to 4 years in the couple and affect their fertility. The relationship between CT and infertility is very important because most patients are asymptomatic and untreated. After infection with CT, NK activation signals begin through interactions of its ...

background: x-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (xrcc1) gene is a dna repair gene and its non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) may influence dna repair capacity which has been considered as a modifying risk factor for cancer development. methods: a case-control study was conducted to investigate impact of three frequently studied polymorphisms (arg194trp, arg280his and arg3...

single-gene disorders occur when mutation in a gene causing alteration of gene function while in multifactorial disorders, mutations occur in multiple genes, and these are usually coupled with environmental causes. in addition, in a multifactorial disorder such as diabetes, the complication is under the influence of different genes. for example, in diabetic retinopathy many genes are involved i...

the gene encoding alpha fetoprotein (locus symbol afp) was assigned to rat chromosome 14 at band p21-p22 using fluorescence in situ hybridization method. the present result suggests that there is a conserved syntenic group between human 4q11-q13, mouse 5f-g, and rat 14p21-p22.

background and aims: infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the etiological agent of infectious bronchitis (ib), which is an acute and highly contagious disease of the respiratory and sometimes the urogenital tracts of chickens. in iran, the disease has been identified in chicken flocks with serological and virus isolation methods. gene 3c (e) encode envelop (small membrane) protein. for envelope...

sporadic alzheimer’s disease (sad) is a multi-factorial disease caused by genetic, epigenetic, environmental and metabolic factors. current understandings of the possible mechanisms of ad such as inflammation and oxidative stresses in the brain have led us to investigation of potential ad therapeutics. currently herbal medicines with fewer side effects comparing to other chemical medicine are i...