Experiments are performed to examine mixing and transport due to an intrusive gravity current in a twoand three-layer fluid. Successive passages of the intrusion act to increase the depth of the middle layer. The observed broadening rates and the deposition of potential energy are compared with theories that neglect mixing and entrainment processes. As the middle layer widens, a transition in t...

Nutrient cycling in Lake Tanganyika is influenced by the tilting of the thermocline (Coulter 1991). Prevailing southeast winds during the four month dry season (May through September) cause the thermocline to rise in the south bringing nutrient rich waters from depth to the surface at the southern end of the lake (Coulter 1991). However, related upwelling events also occur in the north, bringin...

The contributions of total organic carbon and nitrogen to elemental cycling in the surface layer of the Sargasso Sea are evaluated using a 5-yr time-series data set (1994}1998). Surface-layer total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) concentrations ranged from 60 to 70 M C and 4 to 5.5 M N seasonally, resulting in a mean C :Nmolar ratio of 14.4$2.2. The highest surface concent...

A coupled air–sea general circulation model is used to simulate the global circulation. Different parameterizations of lateral mixing in the ocean by eddies, horizontal, isopycnal, and isopycnal plus eddy advective flux, are compared from the perspective of water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean. The different mixing physics imply different buoyancy equilibria in the surface mixed laye...

A tidal bore develops in an estuary when the tidal range exceeds 4.5–6 m and the estuarine bathymetry amplifies the tidal wave. The bore is an abrupt rise in water depth associated with a discontinuity in velocity and pressure fields at the front. Herein the free-surface properties and the turbulent mixing of light-weight particles were investigated during the passage of tidal bores. The free-s...

A new ocean mixed layer model (OMLM) was embedded into an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with the aim of providing an OGCM that is ideal for application to a climate model by predicting the sea surface temperature (SST) more accurately. The results from the new OMLM showed a significant improvement in the prediction of SST compared to the cases of constant vertical mixing and the vertic...

Towed-body observations of mixing over the continental slope reveal the great lateral extent (several km) of continuously turbulent fluid within a few hundred meters of the boundary at 1600 m depth. The largest turbulent dissipation rates were observed over a 5 km horizontal region near a slope critical to the M2 internal tide. Averaged over a submarine landslide oriented perpendicularly to the...

Based on radiation hydrodynamics modeling of stellar convection zones, a diffusion scheme has been devised describing the downward penetration of convective motions beyond the Schwarzschild boundary (overshoot) into the radiative interior. This scheme of exponential diffusive overshoot has already been successfully applied to AGB stars. Here we present an application to the Sun in order to dete...

[1] Oxygen and carbon stable-isotope compositions of modern benthic foraminifera in the Kara and Pechora estuarine regions of the Arctic continental shelf were compared with water dO, dCDIC, temperature, and salinity. The foraminiferal dO distribution is mostly similar to that of equilibrium calcite, primarily controlled by mixing of runoff and seawater in near-estuarine areas (depth < 15–20 m)...

A Laser Induced Fluorescence technique (LIF) has been used to study the mixing behavior of two emerging streams in a T-Type mixing chamber. A mixing index on the basis of digital image light intensities is calculated. It has been shown that averaging over more than 800 images leads to a stable mixing index calculation. Moreover, the effect of equal and un-equal flow rates on the mixing behavior...