The energy content of wastewater is routinely assessed by chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements that only provide an incomplete picture and the data fundament of other energy parameters remains scarce. The volumetric heat of combustion (ΔCH) of raw wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was assessed using oven drying method (ΔCHvol = −6.8 ± 4.3 kJ L, n = 20) and freez...

1. One major gap in our ability to predict the impacts of climate change is a quantitative analysis of temperatures experienced by organisms under natural conditions. We developed a framework to describe and quantify the impacts of local climate on the mosaic of microclimates and physiological states of insects within tree canopies. This approach was applied to a leaf mining moth feeding on app...

The risk of Giardia duodenalis (Giardia) infection in farmers using untreated wastewater in agriculture was investigated in the city of Faisalabad, Pakistan, through a cross-sectional study. The study found a significantly increased risk of (asymptomatic) Giardia infection in wastewater farming households when compared with farming households using regular (non-wastewater) irrigation water (OR ...

We propose an excavation-type demining robot PEACE for farmland aiming at “complete removal” and “automation.”(Mori et al., 2003, Mori et al., 2005) The reason why we choose farmland as the demining area is as follows: farmland is such an area where local people cannot help entering to live, so it should be given the highest priority (Jimbo, 1997). PEACE is designed to clear APMs (anti-personne...

Life Cycle Assessment has been used to compare different scenarios involving wastewater reuse, with special focus on toxicity-related impact categories. The study is based on bench-scale experiments applying ozone and ozone in combination with hydrogen peroxide to a wastewater effluent from a Spanish sewage treatment plant. Two alternative characterisation models have been used to account for t...

When urban areas expand without concomitant increases in wastewater treatment capacity, vast quantities of wastewater are released to surface waters with little or no treatment. Downstream of many urban areas are large areas of irrigated croplands reliant on these same surface water sources. Case studies document the widespread use of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture, but due to th...

This paper presents a new approach to the detection of anti-personnel landmines which is based on the physical detection of landmines using a sharpened probe in a fashion similar to that employed by human deminers. The axial force applied to the probe is sensed as the probe is driven into the ground (at 30 degrees to the horizontal in order to avoid initiating the landmine), and the force infor...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of green algae Chlorella sp. on wastewaters sampled from four different points of the treatment process flow of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) and how well the algal growth removed nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and metal ions from the wastewaters. The four wastewaters were wastewater before primary...

This study demonstrated the feasibility of implementing of MBR in pharmaceutical wastewater independently, and concluded different applications of MBR in industries. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology was a new wastewater treatment technology with a combination of membrane separation technology and biological treatment technology, which had unique advantages on pharmaceutical wastewater treat...

The present study illustrates the efficiency of microalgae based treatment system. Treatment of wastewater with Microalgae based system have the ability to remove nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and other nutrients), heavy metals, toxic substances (both organic and inorganic), BOD, COD and other impurities present in the wastewater by using the sunlight, CO2, and impurities like nutrients prese...