By constructing a dynamic general equilibrium model this paper studies the optimal pollution emission and abatement policies for a small economy. We show that in autarky government issues an optimal level of emission permits but its optimal abatement level is zero at the unique steadystate equilibrium. On the other hand, government employs an optimal two-dimensional policy with free trade if th...

The objective of this study was to assess the limonene removal efficiency of three pre-treatment methods when applied to citrus waste and to evaluate their effects on the biochemical methane potential and the methane production rate using batch anaerobic tests. The methods tested were based on removal (biological pretreatment by fungi) or recovery (steam distillation and ethanol extraction) of ...

The direct catalytic conversion of methane to liquid oxygenated compounds, such as methanol or dimethyl ether, at low temperature using molecular oxygen is a grand challenge in C-H activation that has never been met with synthetic, heterogeneous catalysts. We report the first demonstration of direct, catalytic oxidation of methane into methanol with molecular oxygen over copper-exchanged zeolit...

Given that the production process in manufacturing industry is a significant contributor to carbon emissions, many governments have implemented emission-related policies incentivize manufacturers optimize their or invest green technology, with aim of reducing footprint. Therefore, it necessary determine effectiveness considering always tend prioritize economic profits actual operations. We comp...

Abstract Microplastic (MP) is currently a subject of discussion in all parts the world because it has increasingly over years become dominant source pollution marine ecosystem. Huge number these Mps emanate from waste management, decommissioning ships and oil rigs, plastic products aquaculture fishery, sewage treatment, consumer products, agricultural production, transportation, offshore gas pr...

A major concern with tradable emission permits is that stochastic permit prices may reduce a firm’s incentive to invest in abatement capital or technologies relative to other policies such as a fixed emissions charge. However, under efficient permit trading, the permit price uncertainty is caused by abatement cost uncertainties which affect investment under both permit and charge policies. We d...

Cap and trade (CAT) results in lower abatement costs relative to command and control, but might increase industry marginal abatement cost, resulting in higher equilibrium emissions. With lumpy investment, command and control leads to multiple investment equilibria and “regulatory uncertainty”. CAT, a first best policy, eliminates this uncertainty. Command and control policies cause firms to imi...

Global climate change presents a classic problem of decision making under uncertainty with learning. We provide stochastic dominance theorems that provide new insights into when abatement and investment into low carbon technology should increase in risk. We show that R&D into low-carbon technologies and near-term abatement are in some sense opposites in terms of risk. Abatement provides insuran...