PURPOSE To analyze the histologic features of the insertion of the medial and the lateral rectus muscles in humans. METHODS Postmortem study performed on 49 extraocular muscles from 21 subjects without known ocular disease. All muscles were obtained no longer than 8 hours after death, after consent for autopsy. Thirty-seven lateral recti muscles and 12 medial recti muscles were studied with l...

INTRODUCTION Moebius syndrome is a rare disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral congenital nonprogressive facial nerve palsy along with limitation of ocular abductions. Vertical Rectus Transpositions with posterior fixation suture is known to correct abduction deficiencies in case of Moebius syndrome. Traditionally both superior and inferior rectus transposition are done to prevent any...

The rectus extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys constrain EOM paths. During visual fixation with head immobile, actively controlled pulleys are known to maintain positions causing EOM pulling directions to change by one-half the change in eye position. This pulley behavior is consistent with Listing's law (LL) of ocular torsion as observed during fixation, saccades, and pursuit. However, pulley beh...

The authors report the case of a 5 year-old boy who up to 2 years old presented normal eyes, when his right eye started to deviate upward and laterally, until be hidden under the superior lid. At the surgery, a strong passive limitation to infraduction of this eye was felt. He had already been operated on in another clinic, but the surgeon could not succeed in hooking his superior rectus. With ...

We report a case of surgical treatment for Hallermann-Streiff syndrome in a patient with ocular manifestations of esotropia, entropion, and blepharoptosis. A 54-year-old man visited Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital complaining of ocular discomfort due to cilia touching the corneas of both eyes for several years. He had a bird-like face, pinched nose, hypotrichosis of the scalp, mandibular hypoplasia...

PURPOSE To summarize the clinical, neuroradiologic, and genetic observations in a group of patients with unilateral synergistic divergence (SD). METHODS Five unrelated patients with unilateral SD underwent ophthalmic and orthoptic examinations; three of them also had magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and orbits. Three patients underwent genetic evaluation of genes known to affect ocular...