background: in iran, maize is cultivated in wide areas including northern provinces. it is one of the most important crops for poultry and livestock feeding, which is susceptible to aflatoxins (afs) contamination. so, pre-harvest maize samples from mazandaran province, north of iran were analyzed for afs contamination. objective:   methods: thirty-five pre-harvest maize samples were analyzed us...

background: genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome p450 in humans are the main cause of differences in the metabolism. the allele and genotype frequencies of cyp2c19 and cyp2c9 have been studied in some iranian populations. the aim of present study was to examine the frequencies of cyp2c18m1, and cyp2c18m2, alleles in the mazandarani ethnic group among iranian population. materials and methods: in...

We introduce a technique for creating novel, enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of plain thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several dif...

BACKGROUND One of the most common ways that in most countries and Iran in determining the status of teacher training is the evaluation by students. The most common method of evaluation is the survey questionnaire provided to the study subjects, comprised of questions about educational activities. The researchers plan to evaluate the opinion of students and faculty members about the effect of th...

This issue of IJE includes a theme on autism edited by two of us (Ezra Susser and Michealine Bresnahan). Our colleague Guohua Li joins us to write this introduction. In choosing this topic we venture into territory marked by controversy and conflict. The heat of the conflict is reflected in two recently published books, reviewed here by Stein and by Grinker. One of the flashpoints of controvers...

The Web has become a popular starting point for many innovations targeting infrastructure, services, and applications. One of the challenges of today’s vast Web landscape is to monitor ongoing developments, put them into context, and assess their chances of success. One of the main virtues of a more scientific approach towards the Web landscape would be a clear differentiation between approache...

AIM Alpha thalassemia is one of the most prevalent disorders worldwide and carrier frequency of the disease is varied in different parts of the world. Although different studies in Iran and Mazandaran province have been carried out to identify different mutations of alpha globin gene among people with low hematological indices, frequencies of these mutations were unknown in general population, ...