We study the finite-step realizability of the joint/generalized spectral radius of a pair of real d × d matrices {S1, S2}, one of which has rank 1, where 2 ≤ d < +∞. Let ρ(A) denote the spectral radius of a square matrix A. Then we prove that there always exists a finite-length word (i1, . . . , i ∗ l) ∈ {1, 2}, for some finite l ≥ 1, such that l √ ρ(Si1 · · ·Si∗l ) = sup n≥1 { max (i1,...,in)∈...

The spectral mechanisms of the rat were studied in electrophysiological and behavioral experiments. The photopic electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded (a) to rapidly flickering lights, (b) during the cone phase of dark adaptation, and (c) with a flicker photometric procedure. Each procedure indicated the presence of a single cone mechanism having a lambda max of about 510 nm. Increment-threshold...

In this paper, using vortex blob method (VBM), turbulent flow in a channel is studied and physical concepts of turbulence are obtained and discussed. At first, time-averaged velocities,  and , and then their fluctuations are calculated. To clarify turbulence structures, velocity fluctuations and  are plotted. It is observed that turbulence structures occupy different positions and move with con...

Absorbance spectra of rods and some cones were measured by microspectrophotometry in 22 fish species from the brackish-water of the Baltic Sea, and when applicable, in the same species from the Atlantic Ocean (3 spp.), the Mediterranean Sea (1 sp.), or Finnish fresh-water lakes (9 spp.). The main purpose was to study whether there were differences suggesting spectral adaptation of rod vision to...

In previous work of the author and others, max-plus methods have been explored for solution of first-order, nonlinear Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman partial differential equations (HJB PDEs) and corresponding nonlinear control problems. These methods exploit the max-plus linearity of the associated semigroups. In particular, although the problems are nonlinear, the semigroups are linear in the max-plu...

In previous work of the first author and others, max-plus methods have been explored for solution of first-order, nonlinear Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman partial differential equations (HJB PDEs) and corresponding nonlinear control problems. Although max-plus basis expansion and max-plus finite-element methods can provide substantial computational-speed advantages, they still generally suffer from th...

1. Interspecific diversity in the visual pigments of s tomatopod crustaceans was characterized using microspectrophotometry. We examined the 10 visual pigments in main rhabdoms in retinas of 3 species of each of two genera of s tomatopod crustaceans of the superfamily Gonodactyloidea, Gonodactylus (G. oerstedii, G. aloha, and G. curacaoensis) and Odontodactylus (0. scyllarus, 0. brevirostris, a...