Pesticides are important agricultural tools often used in combination to avoid resistance in target pest species, but there is growing concern that their widespread use contributes to the decline of pollinator populations. Pollinators perform sophisticated behaviours while foraging that require them to learn and remember floral traits associated with food, but we know relatively little about th...

Twelve dogs were trained to avoid shock with response contingent termination of a 1000 Hz tonal CS on all trials, whereas 12 additional dogs received the same training except that on 50 percent trials there was a fixed CS duration and no shock. Initial acquisition revealed that CS prolongation resulted in longer response latencies compared to subjects trained with response contingent CS termina...

Due to the importance of training, many scientists have studied effective training schedules, and they have compared distributed practice schedules to massed practice schedules. Most of the results consistently show that a distributed practice schedule outperforms a massed practice schedule in a retention test, because of the spacing effect in human memory. This result may lead new scientists w...

Previous studies investigating the effects of spacing on vocabulary learning have primarily focused single words. There is limited research how distributed practice affects phrasal lexicon. The present study addresses this gap by focusing collocations. In a pretest-treatment-delayed-posttest design, two controlled quasi-experiments (N = 55 and N 50) were conducted in order to evaluate schedules...

In this paper, optimal design of arch dams is performed under frequency limitations. Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO), a recently developed meta-heuristic optimization method, which has been successfully applied to several structural problems, is revised and utilized for finding the best feasible shape of arch dams. The formulation of CBO is derived from one-dimensional collisions between bo...

Abstract Spaced and interleaved practices have been identified as effective learning strategies which sometimes are conflated a single strategy at other times treated distinct. Learning sessions in studying information or practicing problems spaced time with rest-from-deliberate-learning periods between generally result better outcomes than massed practice without periods. Interleaved also cons...