lēthēs Logos of Celsus, preserved in large part with Origen’s response in Contra Celsum, is the most signifi cant extant second-century literary attack on Christianity. Celsus attacked Christianity not only for philosophic reasons, but also because he was alarmed about social consequences of the spread of Christianity. His book was occasioned by Christians refusing to honor the cults of the Rom...

the imposed war which changed into the holy defense through shiite discourse, was one of the most important tests of the revolution after the islamic revolution victory. in fact, the imposed war caused the shiite discourse as the dominant discourse in the islamic republic of iran to show its potential capacities once again by the clergy foundation and imam khomeini, in particular. changing into...

Abstract The iconography of the martyrs Japan is often linked to that Twenty-Six Martyrs Nagasaki. This group mostly Franciscans was crucified in 1597 and beatified 1627, also included three Jesuits. Society Jesus, however, did not emphasize these their engravings representations victims Japanese mission especially before beatification. close study two major works, Nicolas Trigault’s History (L...

Focusing on three historical examples of a different understanding Christian identity, the paper seeks to address role contemporary concepts sex and gender in creation identity. In first case study, focused literary representations martyrdom from second third centuries, special emphasis is placed demand for ?manly? or ?masculine? way witnessing faith. The example relates wider ascetic movement ...

For years, scholars have claimed that suicide terrorists are not suicidal, but rather psychologically normal individuals inspired to sacrifice their lives for an ideological cause, due to a range of social and situational factors. I agree that suicide terrorists are shaped by their contexts, as we all are. However, I argue that these scholars went too far. In The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really ...

During the 1800’s – before the well-known genocide, planned in the twentieth century – there were massacres and persecution on Armenian villages. It is important to underline that many Christian Armenians lived in Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of 1800’s they paid many taxes and felt themselves an important part of the Empire. Thus they would have liked to achieve more significant public role...