Survival of vertebrates in hypertonic environments such as the sea is opposed by diffusional loss of water and gain of sodium, and is aided by physical barriers to such diffusion along with the ability to transport ions actively. The energy expenditure for active transport obviously must be related to the efficiency of the physical barriers that impede diffusion. The description of these proces...

Microalgae are one of the most promising renewable energy sources with environmental sustainability. The surface free energy of microalgal cells determines their biofouling and bioflocculation behavior and hence plays an important role in microalgae cultivation and harvesting. To date, the surface energetic properties of microalgal cells are still rarely studied. We developed a novel spectropho...

Marine biology is a hybrid subject that combines aspects of organismal function, ecological interaction and the study of marine biodiversity.[1] The earliest studies of marine biology can be traced back to the Phoenicians and the Greeks who are known as the initial explorers of the oceans and their composition.[2] However, it was Aristotle (384-322 BC) who was the first to record any observatio...

This study includes a thorough systematic analysis of the ichnological record in the Late Triassic siliciclastic Nayband Formation of the Tabas Block, Central Iran. A total of 48 ichnospecies representing 28 ichnogenera are identified and their preservation aspects, paleoecological aspects, producers and behavioral aspects are discussed. The ichnofauna includes Arenicolites, Asterosoma, Bergaue...

Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, shapes the structure of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Its central position in the food web, the ongoing environmental changes due to climatic warming, and increasing commercial interest on this species emphasize the urgency of understanding the adaptability of krill to its environment. Krill has evolved rhythmic physiological and behavioral functions which ar...