The costs of additive manufactured parts often seem too high in comparison to those of traditionally manufactured parts, as the information about major cost drivers, especially for additive manufactured metal parts, is weak. Therefore, a lifecycle analysis of additive manufactured parts is needed to understand and rate the cost drivers that act as the largest contributors to unit costs, and to ...

BACKGROUND Little research has been done to examine whether smokers switch to illegal or roll-your-own (RYO) cigarettes in response to a change in their relative price. OBJECTIVE This paper explores how relative prices between three cigarette forms (manufactured legal, manufactured illegal and RYO cigarettes) are associated with the choice of one form over another after controlling for covari...

Forest carbon sequestration offset protocols have been employed for more than 20 years with limited success in slowing deforestation and increasing forest trading volume. Direct measurement of flux improves quantification but has not applied to research projects 600 site installations worldwide. In this study, we apply accounting methods, scaling hours decades 28-years scientific CO2 eddy covar...

We calculate near zero recoil the order αs corrections to the Bjorken and Voloshin sum rules that bound the B → D(∗) l ν̄ form factors. These bounds are derived by relating the result of inserting a complete set of physical states in a time ordered product of weak currents to the operator product expansion. The sum rules sum over physical states with excitation energies less than a scale ∆. We f...

The hydropathy profile of hemagglutinin (HA) subunits HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus X31 and A/PR 8/34 is analyzed at different pH. At neutral pH (7.4) pronounced hydrophobic sequences of HA correspond to the N-terminus and the transmembrane spanning sequence of HA2. At pH 5.0 where influenza virus is known to fuse with biological membranes several hydrophobic sequences in the ectodomain exist ...

Using the newly designed mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR, we demonstrated the high frequency of amantadine-resistant influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated during the 2005-2006 season by detecting the mutation at amino acid position 31 of the M2 protein (S31N). Further, phylogenetic analyses of the HA1 sequences of the S31N viruses revealed that they comprised a clonal lineage tha...

propranolol, a prototypical b-adrenergic receptor antagonist and atenolol, a cardio-selective b-antagonist are widely used in therapeutic regimens for treatment of hypertensive patients. in iran, several pharmaceutical manufacturers formulate these two b-blockers. as the formulation of a dosage form is essential for the patient's safety and drug efficacy, in this study we aimed to evaluate...

Sunflower is one of the oil-producing plants that potentially can be developed as a food raw material, industrial, medicine, and cosmetics. cultivation needs to conducted in various lands Indonesia; them coastal regions. However, on side, these were included marginal land because high level salinity constrains it. This research aims determine sunflower growth thrive stress land. applies random ...