on discussion about managerial ability of women outside home, social scientists refer to the wide range of women in labor force on one hand and to the discrimination against women on the other. although women occupation is considered as an evidence of change, but providing opportunities for them in order to fulfill their abilities is of primer significance. this requires identification and eval...

BACKGROUND The negative effects of in-person workplace bullying (WB) are well established. Less is known about cyber-bullying (CB), in which negative behaviours are mediated by technology. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, the current research examined how individual and organisational factors were related to WB and CB at two time points three months apart. METHODS Data were co...

We investigate the existence of and explicitly characterize compensation structures that eliminate agency conflicts between a leveraged firm (or its shareholders) and the manager due to managerial asset substitution within a continuous time framework. The manager may dynamically switch between two strategies with different risks and expected returns after debt is in place. We show that when the...

Over the past several decades and especially in the past decade, a broad trend in the world of policing has been the move toward more preventive and proactive styles. Beginning as a way to increase police legitimacy (Tilley 2003), community policing promotes stronger relations between police and communities to develop a greater flow of information about crime problems and aims to cultivate an e...

Managers' real life experiences will need to be supported by new learning tools, as external environments and internal dynamics of organizations become more complex. This need for simulated managerial expenence has come from a trend towards fewer hierarchical levels m organizauons. Managerial competency that was once achieved by progressing through the many layers needs to be obtamed through ot...