Although overstory trees limit the abundance and species richness of herbaceous vegetation in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations, the responsible mechanisms are poorly understood because of confounding among limiting factors. In fall 1998, research was initiated to determine the separate effects of aboveand belowground competition and needlefall from overstory pines on understory...

The managed care industry is increasingly using physician credentialing when seeking health care providers. The credentialing process must be conducted in a manner that meets the goals of the managed care program.

Abstract This paper reports on recent results the race for space in our ocean, based DNVs forecasting efforts into Blue Economy. We find that world will see a large increase usage of ocean area by offshore installations energy and food production, with European growing close to five-fold 2050. If not carefully managed, transition risks triggering conflicts other stakeholders. By introducing Spa...

The once identifiable hallmarks of the American entrepreneurial health-care system—access to care on demand, unrestricted provider choice, and a relatively stable delivery system—have been supplanted by a process of health-care management commonly referred to as managed care. In the broadest sense, managed care can be defined as a variety of methods to finance and organize the delivery of compr...

In this article we describe and evaluate quality monitoring and improvement activities conducted by Massachusetts Medicaid for its primary care case management program, the primary care clinician plan (PCC). Emulating managed care organization (MCO) practices, the State uses claims to analyze and report service delivery rates on the practice level and then works directly with individual medical...

The Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997 required CMS to report publicly Medicare managed care (MMC) plan voluntary disenrollment rates. To ensure disenrollment rates would be meaningful to beneficiaries in health plan choice, CMS funded the development of surveys and reporting formats to identify and present the reasons that beneficiaries voluntarily leave plans. Public reporting of reasons on th...

Differential evolution algorithm requires diversified population to solve multi- modalproblems. DE supports non-distributed population. (DE) versions include differential with best selection method and species (DESBS) hierarchical fair competition modal (HFCDE). This article analyzed the efficiency of HFCDE DESBS multi-modal s’ problems. support structured. starts set feasible solution then it ...

competition is against monopoly and intellectual property creates monopoly for intellectual property owner. this article had been paid cooperation between apparently contradictory policies. exhaustion, parallel imports, compulsory license, intellectual property exploitation contract that coincide with competition are methods of cooperation between intellectual property and competition law. comp...

Increasing health care costs in the United States, and the factors contributing to them, are strongly debated issues among academics and policy makers. Among these factors, technological change in medicine has been widely regarded as the primary driver of cost growth. However, one factor that has been largely ignored in the literature and ought to be considered an open question is the e ect of ...