Key institutions of the pre-modern Middle Eastern economy, all grounded in Islamic law, blocked the development of democratic institutions. This talk identifies three mechanisms that played critical roles. Islam's original tax system failed to produce lasting and credible constraints on governance. The waqfs (Islamic trusts) founded to provide social services to designated constituencies were p...

Privatization has become the mantra of the day everywhere, including the case of higher education. In addition to the above-mentioned methods of financial privatization, governments in many countries seem increasingly to be getting wedded to the neoliberal philosophy that centers on the role of markets in every sphere. Governments promote the growth of private higher education institutions—most...

Consumers today are making increasing demands on the quality of products and services offered by businesses worldwide and organizations such as educational institutions are no exception to the trend. Nevertheless, many institutions, including universities, seem to be unaware of this, continuing to maintain structures and methods of working which no longer correspond to the emerging demands of t...

This paper presents a synthesis of the main theoretical and empirical contributions that analyse production choices of farm households living and operating in developing countries. The review is particularly concerned with recent micro-economic contributions that highlight the trade-off farm households typically face, between full-income risk and expected return, while making production decisio...

Making a business case for interoperability and standards is a challenging task for those involved in the strategic planning of IT systems in educational institutions. This briefing with its accompanying references is intended to provide advice and supporting materials to help people to incorporate standards in their ICT-related business cases. It assumes some familiarity with the way IT system...

There are different kinds of hospitals. Doctors and nurses are the most prominent and visible components of a hospital. Development of nursing profession and medical technology have been two very significant factors in making hospitals a viable proposition. The hospitals were to start with very much as social institutions. The social basis of hospitals continues to be valid today. In this way, ...

Loan contracts performance determines the profitability and stability of the financial institutions, and screening the loan applications is a key process in minimizing credit risk. Before making any credit decisions, credit analysis (the assessment of the financial history and financial backgrounds of the borrowers) should be completed as part of the screening process. Good borrowers with low c...

This study compared the attendance records of students against their test score averages for students at four institutions across multiple sections of several different courses over a fourteen year period (N = 1617). Results indicated that attendance significantly influences test score averages for students across sections and institutions (R 2 = .181). Other results indicated that the same rel...

Ethnic violence has increased exponentially in the decades following World War II. As such, it is imperative that cures for the unique ills found in divided societies be discovered. This article seeks to quantitatively investigate the effici ency of formal political institutions in curbing ethnically-based violent protest in divided societies. As such, the dependent variable is the level of vio...

one dimension approach for management has been resulted in many challenges in order to sustainable policy. network governance and ultra-structure insight implication could remedy some of challenges of sustainable development. the aim of this paper is analysis of institutional network with co-management of sorkheh hesar national park in tehran province. quantitative approaches are used for this ...