Even though S (s) and T (s) are functions of the complex variable s, and their frequency responses are functions of jω, the sum of the two functions is a constant. Closed-loop stability and performance issues will impose other constraints as well. In these notes, we will look at the constraints imposed by the relative degree of the loop gain L(s) and by the presence of right-half plane zeros in...

The metabolic and performance benefits of prior consumption of low-glycaemic index (GI) meals v. high-GI meals were determined in extended high-intensity intermittent exercise. Participants (ten males and four females, aged 25·8 (sd 7·3) years) completed two testing days (each consisting of back-to-back 90-min intermittent high-intensity treadmill running protocols separated by 3 h) spaced by a...

We measure the temperature dependence of breathing-mode acoustic vibrations of semiconductor nanocrystals using low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. In CdSe core-only nanocrystals, the lowest-energy l = 0 mode red-shifts with increasing temperature by ∼5% between 77-300 K. Changes to the interatomic bond distances in the inorganic crystal lattice, with corresponding changes to the bulk modulus and...

Since the Magellan radar mapping of Venus in the early 1990’s, techniques of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) have become the standard approach to mapping topography and topographic change on Earth. Here we investigate a hypothetical radar mission to Venus that exploits these new methods. We focus on a single spacecraft repeat-pass InSAR mission and investigate the radar and miss...

Let the viscosity ε → 0 $\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$ for 2D steady Navier-Stokes equations in region ≤ x L $0\le x\le L$ and y < ∞ y<\infty$ with no slip boundary conditions at = $y=0$ . For 1 $L<<1$ , we justify validity of Prandtl layer expansion scaled layers, including celebrated Blasius layer. Our uniform estimates are achieved through a fixed-point scheme: u v ⟶ DNS − $$\begin{equation*} \...

OBJECTIVE Osteocalcin is a well-known marker of bone formation. Recently, mice lacking osteocalcin or its receptor were reported to be subfertile with low testosterone and high luteinizing hormone concentrations. In parallel, in humans, a loss-of-function mutation of the osteocalcin receptor was associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. This suggests that osteocalcin is necessary for norm...