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How do measures to increase turnout affect election outcomes? I use a novel approach to analyze how these measures influence both voter turnout and the candidates’ political positions. Generally, lowering the net expense of voting reduces political polarization. If the net expense of voting is made very low, then candidates no longer have an incentive to take partisan positions to motivate turn...

The study was conducted to estimate the direct maternity-care expense for women who recently delivered in South Delhi and to explore its sociodemographic associations. A survey was conducted using the two-stage cluster-randomized sampling technique. Two colonies each from high-, middle- and low-income areas were selected by simple random sampling, followed by a house-to-house survey in each sel...

From the basic hospital expense benefit program that began in 1929 at Baylor University Hospital in Dallas, Texas, through the development of group insurance coverage for surgeon’s fees in 1938 and medical expense benefits in 1943, to the introduction of major medical expense benefits in 1949, the prevailing concept of group health insurance has been to spread individual economic risks of injur...